Alternatives to the Draize Eye Test
Keywords:
Draize eye test, eye irritation, ocular toxicity, alternatives
Abstract
Industry and regulatory bodies responsible for public health are actively assessing animal free tests to reduce the requirement for Draize testing. Draize rabbit eye irritation test developed in the 1940’s is even today the only eye toxicity test officially accepted in the OECD countries for regulatory purposes in the classification of slightly and moderately irritating chemicals. The Draize test has been widely criticized for both scientific and ethical reasons, and alternatives have been investigated for several decades. Therefore in an attempt to minimize this conflict alternative methods have been investigated. This article presents those alternative methods that are currently the most developed and the most widely used.
References
1.Chantra Eskes, Sandrine Bessou, Leon Bruner, Rodger Curren, John Harbell, Penny Jones, Reinhard Kreiling, Manfred Liebsch, Pauline McNamee, Wolfang Pape, Menk K. Prinsen, Troy Seidle, Philippe Vanparys, Andrew Worth, Valerie Zuang: Eye Irritation, Subgroup 3, 3-40
2.Draize JH, Woodard G, Calvery HO: Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1944, 82: 377-390.
3.OECD. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2002, 1-14.
4.Balls M, Berg N, Bruner LH, Curren RD, de Silva O, Earl LK, Esdaile DJ, Fentem JH, Liebsch M, Ohno Y, Prinsen MK, Spielmann H, Worth AP: Eye irritation testing: The way forward. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 34. Altern Lab Anim 1999, 27: 53-77.
5.Worth A, Balls M: Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemical testing: Current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM working group on chemicals. Altern Lab Anim 2002, 30 Suppl 1: 1-125.
2.Draize JH, Woodard G, Calvery HO: Methods for the study of irritation and toxicity of substances applied topically to the skin and mucous membranes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1944, 82: 377-390.
3.OECD. OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals No. 405: Acute Eye Irritation/Corrosion. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. 2002, 1-14.
4.Balls M, Berg N, Bruner LH, Curren RD, de Silva O, Earl LK, Esdaile DJ, Fentem JH, Liebsch M, Ohno Y, Prinsen MK, Spielmann H, Worth AP: Eye irritation testing: The way forward. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 34. Altern Lab Anim 1999, 27: 53-77.
5.Worth A, Balls M: Alternative (non-animal) methods for chemical testing: Current status and future prospects. A report prepared by ECVAM and the ECVAM working group on chemicals. Altern Lab Anim 2002, 30 Suppl 1: 1-125.
Published
2014-10-01
How to Cite
[1]
Shamim, B. 2014. Alternatives to the Draize Eye Test. PharmaTutor. 2, 10 (Oct. 2014), 45-57.
Section
Articles
