A New Promise: Neural Tissue Engineering using Nanotechnology
Abstract
The interdisciplinary approach with nanotechnology and animal tissue culture technique is going to revolutionize biomedical science in the next fifty years. Nanotechnology along with regulated animal tissue culture, makestissue engineering a realization based on the creation of new tissues in vitro followed by surgical placement in the body or the stimulation of normal repair in situ using bio-artificial constructs or implants of living cells introduced in or near the area of damage at nano level.It makes use of artificially stimulated cell proliferation by using suitable nano-material based scaffolds and growth factors. Nanotechnology can be successfully used to create a tissue or organ that can take the place of one that is terminally diseased, such as an eye, ear, heart, or joint. Implantable prosthetic devices and nano scaffolds are used for growing of artificial organs. The key components of tissue engineering with nanotechnology include: cells, scaffolds, signals and bioreactors. Scaffolds are produced by electro-spinning technique.The scaffold acts as an interim synthetic extra cellular matrix (ECM) that cells interact with prior to forming a new tissue.
Nano materials such as quantum dots, fluorescent carbon nano tubes and fluorescent magnetic nano particles, etc., are been used for imaging and tracing and for gene or drug delivery. Designed nanostructures have been used to regulate the proliferation and differentiation of stem cells, which will speed up the understanding and controlling the micro environmental signals, helping to solve the current bottleneck problems of tissue -based therapy. In the future, we could imagine a world where medical nano devices are routinely implanted or even injected into the bloodstream to monitor wellness and to automatically participate in the repair of systems that deviate from established norms.
References
2. Ao, Q., A. J. Wang, et al. "Combined transplantation of neural stem cells and factory unsheathing cells for the repair of spinal cord injuries." Medical Hypotheses, 2007, 69(6): 1234-1237.
3. Bain, G., D. Kitchens, et al. "Embryonic stem cells express neuronal properties in Vitro." Developmental Biology 1995, 168(2): 342-357.
4. Baker, B. M., A. O. Gee, et al. "The potential to improve cell infiltration in composite fiber-aligned electro spun scaffolds by the selective removal of sacrificial fibers." Biomaterials 2008, 29(15): 2348-2358.
5. Belle, J. E. L., M. A. Caldwell, et al. "Improving the survival of human CNS precursor-derived neurons after transplantation." Journal of Neuroscience Research 2004, 76(2): 174-183.
6. Beniash, E., J. D. Hartgerink, et al. "Self-assembling peptide amphiphiles nanofiber matrices for cell entrapment." Act a Biomaterial 2005, 1(4): 387-397.
7. Blight, A. R. "Effects of silica on the outcome from experimental spinal cord injury: Implication of macrophages in secondary tissue damage." Neuroscience, 1994, 60(1): 263-273.
8. Borkenhagen, M., R. C. Stoll, et al. "In vivo performance of a new biodegradable polyester urethane system used as a nerve guidance channel." Biomaterials 1998, 19(23): 2155-2165.
9. Boudriot, U. and R. D. A. G. J. H. Wendorff. "Electro spinning Approaches Toward Scaffold Engineering: A Brief Overview." Artificial Organs, 2006, 30(10): 785-792.
10. Breedveld, V., A. P. Nowak, et al. "Rheology of block co polypeptide solutions: hydro gels with tunable properties." Macromolecules 2004, 37(10): 3943-3953.
11. Bundesen, L. Q., T. A. Scheel, et al. "Ephrin-B2 and EphB2 regulation of astrocytemeningeal fibroblast interactions in response to spinal cord lesions in adult rats." Journal of neuroscience, 2003, 23(21): 7789-7800.
12. Busch, S. A. and J. Silver. "The role of extracellular matrix in CNS regeneration."Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2007, 17(1): 120-127.
13. Carlberg, B., M. Z. Axell, et al. "Electro spun polyurethane scaffolds for proliferation and neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells." Biomedical Materials, 2009, 4(4): 045004.
14. Du C., Cui F.Z., Feng Q.L., Zhu X.D. and de Groot K., “Tissue Response to Nano Hydroxyapatite/Collagen Composite Implants in Marrow Cavity”, J. Biomed. Mater. Res., 1998, 42, 540-548.
15. Frenot A, Chronakis I, Polymer nanofiber assembled by electro spinning. Curr Opin Coll Inter Sci, 2003, 8:64–75.
16. Fridrikh SV, Yu JH, Brenner MP, et al. Controlling the fiber diameter during electro spinning. Phys Rev Lett, 2003, 90:144502–1, 144502–4.
17. Funhoff AM, Monge S, Teeuwen R, et al. PEG shielded polymeric double-layered micelles for gene delivery. J Control Release, 2005, 102:711–24.
18. Geng X, Kwon OH, Jang J. Electro spinning of chitosan dissolved in concentrated acetic acid solution. Biomaterials, 2005, 26:5427–32.
19. Gersbach CA, Byers BA, Pavlath GK, et al. Runx2/Cbfa1-genetically engineered skeletal myoblasts mineralize collagen scaffolds in vitro.Biotechnol Bioeng, 2004, 88:369–78.
20. Goulet F, Rancourt D, Cloutier R, et al. Tendons and ligaments. InLanza RP, Langer R, Vacanti J (eds). Principles of tissue engineering.2nd ed. San Diego: Academic Pr., 2000, 711–22.
21. Hammel E, Tang X, Trampert M, et al. Carbon nanofiber for composite applications. Carbon, 2004, 42:1153–8.
22. Hartgerink JD, Beniash E, Stupp SI. Self-assembly and mineralization of peptide-amphiphile nanofibers. Science, 2001, 294:1684–8.
23. Hartgerink JD, Beniash E, Stupp SI. Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers: a versatile scaffold for the preparation of self assembling materials. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 2002, 99:5133–8.
24. Heller J, Hoffman AS. Drug delivery system. In Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ, et al (eds). Biomaterial science: an introduction to materials in medicine. 2nd ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Pr., 2004, p 629–48.
25. Hoerstrup SP, Vacanti JP. Overview of tissue engineering. In Ratner BD, Hoffman AS, Schoen FJ (eds). Biomaterial science: an introduction to materials in medicine. 2nd ed. San Diego: Elsevier Academic Pr. 2004, p 712–27.
26. N.W.S. Kam, T.C. Jessop, P.A. Wender, H. Dai, J. Am. Chem.Soc. 2004, 126, 6850
27. Q. Lu, J.M. Moore, G. Huang, A.S. Mount, A.M. Rao, L.L.Larcom, P.C. Ke, Nano Lett. 2004, 4, 2473.
28. Stitzel J. et al control fabrication of a biological vascular substitution. Biomaterials 2006, 27:1088-1094.
29. Simon Timothy M et al, Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research, October 1999- Volume 367, pp S31-S45
30. Wang X., Li Y., Wei J. and de Groot K., “Development of Biomimetic Nanohydroxyapatite/Poly (Hexamethylene Adipamide) Composites”, Biomaterials, 2002, 23, 4787-4791
31. Y. Liu, D. Wu, W. Zhang, X. Jiang, C. He, T.S. Chung, S.H. Goh, K.W. Leong, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 44, 2005, 4782
