Menstrual Blood-Embracing Scenario of Futuristic Regenerative Medicine
Keywords:
: Menstrual Blood, Regenerative Medicine, Stem Cells, Endometrial Regenerative Cells
Abstract
Women produce natural life; but now they will add medically to save lives through the Endometrial Regenerative Cells (ERC) or stem cells reaped from unwanted menstrual fluid, recognized to be the most revolting stage of woman's life. Menstrual blood, as researchers said that, is found to be the most potent source of stem cells so far. Discovering curative power of stem cells has been a revolutionary break through in the field of surgery and medicine till date, which has actually given many the precious gift of life.The uterine endometrial lining, aannoying source of stem cells, is shed in menstrual process every month. In the rebuilding process that ranges over seven days, billions of cells develop creating almost 5 millimeter-thick lining. These self-renewing cells, also called Endometrial Regenerative Cells, can be developed into other tissues under controlled laboratory conditions and have multipotent markers analogous to stem cells from other sources.The requirement for regenerative therapies incorporating cells that have the ability to engraft and differentiate is vast. Mesenchymal stem cells resulting from bone marrow are presently in clinical trialsafter demonstrating safety and efficacy in animal modelsfor allogeneic use due to their immunosuppressive proper-ties. Due to their simplicity of collection and isolation, MenSCs would be a great impending basis of multipotent cells if they also showed these properties.
References
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19. Schwab, K. E.; Chan, R. W.; Gargett, C. E. Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril, 2005, 84:1124– 1130.
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23. Toma, C.; Pittenger, M. F.; Cahill, K. S.; Byrne, B. J.; Kessler, P. D. Human mesenchymal stem cells differenti¬ate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation, 2002, 105:93–98.
24. Vilquin, J. T.; Rosset, P. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair: Current status. Regen. Med. 2006, 1:589– 604.
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26. Cho, N. H.; Park, Y. K.; Kim, Y. T.; Yang, H.; Kim, S. K. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uter¬ine endometrium. Fertil. Steril., 2004, 81:403–407.
27. Schwab, K. E.; Chan, R. W.; Gargett, C. E. Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril. 2005, 84:1124– 1130.
28. Cui, C. H.; Uyama, T.; Miyado, K.; Terai, M.; Kyo, S.; Kiyono, T.; Umezawa, A. Menstrual blood-derived cells confer human dystrophin expression in the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via cell fusion and myo¬genic transdifferentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2007, 18:1586–1594.
29. Kearns, M.; Lala, P. K. Bone marrow origin of decidual cell precursors in the pseudopregnant mouse uterus. J. Exp. Med. 1982, 155:1537–1554.
30. Schwab, K. E.; Gargett, C. E. Co-expression of two peri¬vascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum. Reprod. 2007, 22:2903–2911.
31. Taylor, H. S. Endometrial cells derived from donor stem cells in bone marrow transplant recipients. JAMA 2004, 292: 81–85.
32. Gargett, C. E. Identification and characterization of hu¬man endometrial stem/progenitor cells. Aust. NZ J. Obs¬tet. Gynaecol. 2006, 46:250–253.
33. Greco, S. J.; Liu, K.; Rameshwar, P. Functional similari¬ties among genes regulated by OCT4 in human mesenchy¬mal and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 2007, 25:3143–3154.
34. Yao, S.; Chen, S.; Clark, J.; Hao, E.; Beattie, G. M.; Hayek, A.; Ding, S. Long-term self-renewal and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in chemi¬cally defined conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103: 6907–6912.
35. Toma, C.; Pittenger, M. F.; Cahill, K. S.; Byrne, B. J.; Kessler, P. D. Human mesenchymal stem cells differenti¬ate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation, 2002, 105:93–98.
36. Vilquin, J. T.; Rosset, P. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair: Current status. Regen. Med. 2006, 1:589– 604.
37. Zurita, M.; Vaquero, J. Functional recovery in chronic paraplegia after bone marrow stromal cells transplanta¬tion. Neuroreport, 2004, 15:1105–1108.
38. Cui, C. H.; Uyama, T.; Miyado, K.; Terai, M.; Kyo, S.; Kiyono, T.; Umezawa, A. Menstrual blood-derived cells confer human dystrophin expression in the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via cell fusion and myo¬genic transdifferentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2007, 18:1586–1594.
39. Cho, N. H.; Park, Y. K.; Kim, Y. T.; Yang, H.; Kim, S. K. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uter¬ine endometrium. Fertil. Steril. 2004, 81:403–407.
40. Mattai, C.; Horvat, R.; Noe, M.; Nagele, F.; Radjabi, A.; Van Trotsenburg, M.; Huber, J.; Kolbus, A. Oct-4 expres¬sion in human endometrium. Mol. Hum. Reprod, 2006, 12:7–10.
41. Gargett, C. E. Identification and characterization of hu¬man endometrial stem/progenitor cells. Aust. NZ J. Obs¬tet. Gynaecol. 2006, 46:250–253.
42. Henderson, J. K.; Draper, J. S.; Baillie, H. S.; Fishel, S.; Thomson, J. A.; Moore, H.; Andrews, P. W. Preimplanta¬tion human embryos and embryonic stem cells show com-parable expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens. Stem Cells, 2002, 20:329–337.
43. Le Blanc, K. Immunomodulatory effects of fetal and adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy, 2003, 5:484–489.
44. Ludwig, T. E.; Levenstein, M. E.; Jones, J. M.; Berggren, W. T.; Mitchen, E. R.; Frane, J. L.; Crandall, L. J.; Daigh, C. A.; Conard, K. R.; Piekarczyk, M. S.; Llanas, R. A.; Thomson, J. A. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions. Nat. Biotechnol. 2006, 24:185–187.
45. Mattai, C.; Horvat, R.; Noe, M.; Nagele, F.; Radjabi, A.; Van Trotsenburg, M.; Huber, J.; Kolbus, A. Oct-4 expres¬sion in human endometrium. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2006, 12:7–10.
46. Minguell, J. J.; Erices, A.; Conget, P. Mesenchymal stem cells. Exp. Biol. Med. 2001, 226:507–520.
47. Nandoe Tewarie, R. D.; Hurtado, A.; Levi, A. D.; Groten¬huis, J. A.; Oudega, M. Bone marrow stromal cells for repair of the spinal cord: Towards clinical application. Cell Transplant. 2006, 15:563–577.
48. Patel, A. N.; Geffner, L.; Vina, R. F.; Saslavsky, J.; Urschel, Jr., H. C.; Kormos, R.; Benetti, F. Surgical treat¬ment for congestive heart failure with autologous adult stem cell transplantation: A prospective randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2005, 130:1631–1638.
49. Schwab, K. E.; Chan, R. W.; Gargett, C. E. Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril. 2005, 84:1124– 1130.
2. Chan, R. W, Schwab K. E, Gargett C. E. Clonogenicity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells. Biol. Reprod, 2004, 70:1738–1750.
3. Cho, N. H, Park Y. K.; Kim, Y. T.; Yang, H.; Kim, S. K. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uter¬ine endometrium. Fertil. Steril. 2004, 81:403–407.
4. Cogle, C. R.; Yachnis, A. T.; Laywell, E. D.; Zander,D. S.; Wingard, D. R.; Steindler, D. A.; Scott, E. W. Bone marrow transdifferentiation in brain after transplantation: A retrospective study. Lancet, 2004, 363:1432–1437.
5. Cui, C. H.; Uyama, T.; Miyado, K.; Terai, M.; Kyo, S.; Kiyono, T.; Umezawa, A. Menstrual blood-derived cells confer human dystrophin expression in the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via cell fusion and myo¬genic transdifferentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2007, 18:1586–1594.
6. De Coppi, P.; Bartsch, G.; Siddiqui, M. M.; Xu, T.; Santos, C. C.; Perin, L.; Mostoslavsky, G.; Serre, A. C.; Snyder, E. Y.; Yoo, J. J.; Furth, M. E.; Soker, S.; Atala, A. Isolation of amniotic stem cell lines with potential for therapy. Nat. Biotech, 2007, 25:100–106.
7. Delo, D. M.; De Coppi, P.; Bartsch, Jr., G.; Atala, A. Am¬niotic fluid and placental stem cells. Methods Enzymol. 2006, 419:426–438.
8. Gang, E. J.; Bosnakovski, D.; Figueiredo, C. A.; Visser, J. W.; Perlingeiro, R. C. SSEA-4 identifies mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow. Blood, 2007, 109:1743–1751.
9. Gargett, C. E. Identification and characterization of hu¬man endometrial stem/progenitor cells. Aust. NZ J. Obs¬tet. Gynaecol., 2006, 46:250–253;
10. Greco, S. J.; Liu, K.; Rameshwar, P. Functional similari¬ties among genes regulated by OCT4 in human mesenchy¬mal and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 2007, 25:3143–3154.
11. Henderson, J. K.; Draper, J. S.; Baillie, H. S.; Fishel, S.; Thomson, J. A.; Moore, H.; Andrews, P. W. Preimplanta¬tion human embryos and embryonic stem cells show com-parable expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens. Stem Cells, 2002, 20:329–337.
12. Kearns, M.; Lala, P. K. Bone marrow origin of decidual cell precursors in the pseudopregnant mouse uterus. J. Exp. Med., 1982, 155:1537–1554.
13. Le Blanc, K. Immunomodulatory effects of fetal and adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy, 2003, 5:484–489.
14. Ludwig, T. E.; Levenstein, M. E.; Jones, J. M.; Berggren, W. T.; Mitchen, E. R.; Frane, J. L.; Crandall, L. J.; Daigh, C. A.; Conard, K. R.; Piekarczyk, M. S.; Llanas, R. A.; Thomson, J. A. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions. Nat. Biotechnol, 2006, 24:185–187.
15. Mattai, C.; Horvat, R.; Noe, M.; Nagele, F.; Radjabi, A.; Van Trotsenburg, M.; Huber, J.; Kolbus, A. Oct-4 expres¬sion in human endometrium. Mol. Hum. Reprod, 2006, 12:7–10.
16. Minguell, J. J.; Erices, A.; Conget, P. Mesenchymal stem cells. Exp. Biol. Med, 2001, 226:507–520.
17. Nandoe Tewarie, R. D.; Hurtado, A.; Levi, A. D.; Groten¬huis, J. A.; Oudega, M. Bone marrow stromal cells for repair of the spinal cord: Towards clinical application. Cell Transplant. 2006, 15:563–577.
18. Patel, A. N.; Geffner, L.; Vina, R. F.; Saslavsky, J.; Urschel, Jr., H. C.; Kormos, R.; Benetti, F. Surgical treat¬ment for congestive heart failure with autologous adult stem cell transplantation: A prospective randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2005, 130:1631–1638.
19. Schwab, K. E.; Chan, R. W.; Gargett, C. E. Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril, 2005, 84:1124– 1130.
20. Schwab, K. E.; Gargett, C. E. Co-expression of two peri¬vascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum. Reprod. 2007, 22:2903–2911.
21. Taylor, H. S. Endometrial cells derived from donor stem cells in bone marrow transplant recipients. JAMA 2004, 292: 81–85.
22. Thomson, J. A.; Itskovitz-Eldor, J.; Shapiro, S. S.; Waknitz, M. A.; Swiergiel, J. J.; Marshall, V. S.; Jones, J. M. Embryonic stem cell lines derived from human blas-tocysts. Science, 1998, 282:1145–1147.
23. Toma, C.; Pittenger, M. F.; Cahill, K. S.; Byrne, B. J.; Kessler, P. D. Human mesenchymal stem cells differenti¬ate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation, 2002, 105:93–98.
24. Vilquin, J. T.; Rosset, P. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair: Current status. Regen. Med. 2006, 1:589– 604.
25. Yao, S.; Chen, S.; Clark, J.; Hao, E.; Beattie, G. M.; Hayek, A.; Ding, S. Long-term self-renewal and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in chemi¬cally defined conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103: 6907–6912.
26. Cho, N. H.; Park, Y. K.; Kim, Y. T.; Yang, H.; Kim, S. K. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uter¬ine endometrium. Fertil. Steril., 2004, 81:403–407.
27. Schwab, K. E.; Chan, R. W.; Gargett, C. E. Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril. 2005, 84:1124– 1130.
28. Cui, C. H.; Uyama, T.; Miyado, K.; Terai, M.; Kyo, S.; Kiyono, T.; Umezawa, A. Menstrual blood-derived cells confer human dystrophin expression in the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via cell fusion and myo¬genic transdifferentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2007, 18:1586–1594.
29. Kearns, M.; Lala, P. K. Bone marrow origin of decidual cell precursors in the pseudopregnant mouse uterus. J. Exp. Med. 1982, 155:1537–1554.
30. Schwab, K. E.; Gargett, C. E. Co-expression of two peri¬vascular cell markers isolates mesenchymal stem-like cells from human endometrium. Hum. Reprod. 2007, 22:2903–2911.
31. Taylor, H. S. Endometrial cells derived from donor stem cells in bone marrow transplant recipients. JAMA 2004, 292: 81–85.
32. Gargett, C. E. Identification and characterization of hu¬man endometrial stem/progenitor cells. Aust. NZ J. Obs¬tet. Gynaecol. 2006, 46:250–253.
33. Greco, S. J.; Liu, K.; Rameshwar, P. Functional similari¬ties among genes regulated by OCT4 in human mesenchy¬mal and embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells, 2007, 25:3143–3154.
34. Yao, S.; Chen, S.; Clark, J.; Hao, E.; Beattie, G. M.; Hayek, A.; Ding, S. Long-term self-renewal and directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells in chemi¬cally defined conditions. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2006, 103: 6907–6912.
35. Toma, C.; Pittenger, M. F.; Cahill, K. S.; Byrne, B. J.; Kessler, P. D. Human mesenchymal stem cells differenti¬ate to a cardiomyocyte phenotype in the adult murine heart. Circulation, 2002, 105:93–98.
36. Vilquin, J. T.; Rosset, P. Mesenchymal stem cells in bone and cartilage repair: Current status. Regen. Med. 2006, 1:589– 604.
37. Zurita, M.; Vaquero, J. Functional recovery in chronic paraplegia after bone marrow stromal cells transplanta¬tion. Neuroreport, 2004, 15:1105–1108.
38. Cui, C. H.; Uyama, T.; Miyado, K.; Terai, M.; Kyo, S.; Kiyono, T.; Umezawa, A. Menstrual blood-derived cells confer human dystrophin expression in the murine model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy via cell fusion and myo¬genic transdifferentiation. Mol. Biol. Cell, 2007, 18:1586–1594.
39. Cho, N. H.; Park, Y. K.; Kim, Y. T.; Yang, H.; Kim, S. K. Lifetime expression of stem cell markers in the uter¬ine endometrium. Fertil. Steril. 2004, 81:403–407.
40. Mattai, C.; Horvat, R.; Noe, M.; Nagele, F.; Radjabi, A.; Van Trotsenburg, M.; Huber, J.; Kolbus, A. Oct-4 expres¬sion in human endometrium. Mol. Hum. Reprod, 2006, 12:7–10.
41. Gargett, C. E. Identification and characterization of hu¬man endometrial stem/progenitor cells. Aust. NZ J. Obs¬tet. Gynaecol. 2006, 46:250–253.
42. Henderson, J. K.; Draper, J. S.; Baillie, H. S.; Fishel, S.; Thomson, J. A.; Moore, H.; Andrews, P. W. Preimplanta¬tion human embryos and embryonic stem cells show com-parable expression of stage-specific embryonic antigens. Stem Cells, 2002, 20:329–337.
43. Le Blanc, K. Immunomodulatory effects of fetal and adult mesenchymal stem cells. Cytotherapy, 2003, 5:484–489.
44. Ludwig, T. E.; Levenstein, M. E.; Jones, J. M.; Berggren, W. T.; Mitchen, E. R.; Frane, J. L.; Crandall, L. J.; Daigh, C. A.; Conard, K. R.; Piekarczyk, M. S.; Llanas, R. A.; Thomson, J. A. Derivation of human embryonic stem cells in defined conditions. Nat. Biotechnol. 2006, 24:185–187.
45. Mattai, C.; Horvat, R.; Noe, M.; Nagele, F.; Radjabi, A.; Van Trotsenburg, M.; Huber, J.; Kolbus, A. Oct-4 expres¬sion in human endometrium. Mol. Hum. Reprod. 2006, 12:7–10.
46. Minguell, J. J.; Erices, A.; Conget, P. Mesenchymal stem cells. Exp. Biol. Med. 2001, 226:507–520.
47. Nandoe Tewarie, R. D.; Hurtado, A.; Levi, A. D.; Groten¬huis, J. A.; Oudega, M. Bone marrow stromal cells for repair of the spinal cord: Towards clinical application. Cell Transplant. 2006, 15:563–577.
48. Patel, A. N.; Geffner, L.; Vina, R. F.; Saslavsky, J.; Urschel, Jr., H. C.; Kormos, R.; Benetti, F. Surgical treat¬ment for congestive heart failure with autologous adult stem cell transplantation: A prospective randomized study. J. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 2005, 130:1631–1638.
49. Schwab, K. E.; Chan, R. W.; Gargett, C. E. Putative stem cell activity of human endometrial epithelial and stromal cells during the menstrual cycle. Fertil. Steril. 2005, 84:1124– 1130.
Published
2014-03-05
How to Cite
[1]
Reddenna, L., Nagavalli, S. and Pujitha, K.N. 2014. Menstrual Blood-Embracing Scenario of Futuristic Regenerative Medicine. PharmaTutor. 2, 3 (Mar. 2014), 9-16.
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